Reference: Bourke EM, et al. PEAChY-O: Pharmacological Emergency Management of Agitation in Children and Young People: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral Medication. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Feb 2025 Date: April 29, 2025 Guest Skeptic: Dr. Brad Sobolewski, is a pediatric emergency medicine physician at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati College of Dr. Brad Sobolewski Medicine. He is the creator of the PEMBlog and host of PEM Currents: The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Podcast. Brad is passionate about using digital media to translate complex clinical concepts into engaging, accessible educational content. His work centers on advancing knowledge sharing through innovative, tech-forward approaches to medical education. Case: A 14-year-old girl with no known medical or psychiatric history presents to the emergency department (ED) with her family for aggression. Her parents tell you that they have been getting into arguments a lot recently. Today, she became so angry that she started punching and kicking the walls at home. You interview the girl and perform your physical examination, and determine that there are likely no medical diagnoses contributing to her aggression, nor that she has sustained any injuries requiring immediate management. After you leave the room and her parents enter, you hear them get into another argument, and she gets more agitated. The staff try a combination of de-escalation techniques, but she continues to be aggressive and starts threatening the staff. A nurse working with you asks, “I don’t think our de-escalation techniques are working. Do you want to give her something to help calm her down? We have olanzapine or diazepam here. Which one do you want to give?” Background: Pediatric agitation can be defined as a clinical state characterized by heightened motor activity, emotional arousal, and often aggressive or disruptive behavior outside of expected developmental norms. It can be triggered by many things like underlying psychiatric disorders, medical conditions (like delirium, hypoxia, or metabolic disturbances), substance intoxication or withdrawal, and situational stressors, such as hospitalization or separation from caregivers. In the ED setting, pediatric agitation presents unique challenges. Not only can it compromise the safety of the child, caregivers, and medical staff, but it can also delay care and exacerbate underlying conditions. When a child presents with extreme agitation or aggression, the first step is to take a broad, thoughtful approach. We can’t just assume it’s a psychiatric issue. Medical causes like hypoglycemia, intoxication, or even something like new-onset diabetic ketoacidosis can present this way. Missing these diagnoses could be dangerous. Once we’ve ruled out organic causes, the focus shifts to early recognition and de-escalation. We try to identify the signs that a child is becoming more agitated before they escalate further. The goal is to intervene early and often with non-pharmacologic strategies. This can mean adjusting the environment: dimming the lights, reducing noise, giving the child space, or removing extra staff from the room. Sometimes something as simple as offering a snack, a drink, or a comfort item can make a big difference. Re-direction, distraction, and using calm, supportive language can also go a long way. Of course, there are times when those strategies aren’t enough, and we may need to use physical restraints or medications. But that should never be our starting point. The overarching goal is to approach these situations with empathy and respect. Support the child and their family while protecting everyone’s safety, including our own. There’s no perfect medication for agitation so it really depends on the situation. If the child is cooperative, start with an oral option. It gives the child a bit of control and helps avoid the trauma of restraint or an IM injection. When oral meds aren’t possible and the child poses a risk to themselves or others, IM options may be necessary. In those cases, it’s important to know what medications (dosing, onset, and potential side effects) are available and what local protocols recommend. The choice also depends on why the child is agitated. Antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, or even ketamine all have a role, but each comes with considerations based on the child’s history and the clinical scenario. Whatever we use, the goal is to reduce distress safely and respectfully, while keeping everyone protected. Brad I have actually done a whole podcast series in collaboration with the EMSC innovation and Improvement Center and emDocs on agitation. Clinical Question: Is oral olanzapine or oral diazepam more effective in achieving successful sedation in pediatric patients with acute severe behavioral disturbances? Reference: Bourke EM, et al. PEAChY-O: Pharmacological Emergency Management of Agitation in Children and Young Peopl
