Reference: Solnick et al. Sex Disparities in Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Treatment in US Adult Emergency Departments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AEM June 2025 Date: June 24, 2025 Guest Skeptic: Dr. Suchismita Datta. She is an Assistant Professor and Director of Research in the Department of Emergency Medicine at the NYU Grossman Long Island Hospital Campus. Case: A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department (ED) with a two-day history of dysuria, lower abdominal discomfort, and abnormal vaginal discharge. She is sexually active with multiple male partners and does not consistently use condoms. A urine nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) is sent, and the patient is clinically diagnosed with a possible sexually transmitted infection (STI). She is not in acute distress, has no fever, and requests discharge after symptom control. Background: STIs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea remain significant public health concerns in the United States (US), particularly among young adults. EDs are increasingly serving as critical access points for STI screening and treatment. However, emerging evidence suggests that treatment practices may differ by patient sex, raising concerns about potential inequities in care delivery. Women are disproportionately affected by the long-term sequelae of untreated STIs, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Despite this, treatment disparities may exist. Men presenting with STI symptoms often receive expedited care, while women, even when symptomatic or diagnosed, may not receive timely or adequate treatment. Potential explanations include differing clinical presentations, provider bias, and system-level barriers such as follow-up challenges or diagnostic uncertainty. Chlamydia and gonorrhea can present with a range of symptoms or be asymptomatic, which complicates timely diagnosis and treatment. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend empiric treatment in cases of high clinical suspicion, especially when patients may be lost to follow-up, the extent to which these guidelines are equitably applied across sexes remains uncertain. Clinical Question: Are there sex-based disparities in the treatment of chlamydia and gonorrhea among adults presenting to US emergency departments? Reference: Solnick et al. Sex Disparities in Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Treatment in US Adult Emergency Departments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AEM June 2025 Population: Adults (≥18 years) presenting to US EDs with testing for chlamydia or gonorrhea. Exclusions: Pediatric patients, individuals with incomplete demographic or treatment data, and those not diagnosed in the ED. Exposure: Receipt of appropriate antibiotic treatment during the ED visit. Comparison: Male versus female patients. Outcomes: GC/CT positivity, empiric treatment rates, and discordance between treatment and test results stratified by sex. Type of Study: Systematic review and meta-analysis Dr. Rachel Solnick This is an SGEMHOP, and we are pleased to have the lead author on the episode. Dr. Rachel Solnick is an Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Her research focuses on HIV prevention, STI care, and maternal health, with an emphasis on expanding access to high-quality reproductive and sexual healthcare for all emergency department patients. She is the PI of an NIH Career Development Award studying the implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for ED patients diagnosed with STIs during telephone callbacks. Authors’ Conclusions: “Significant sex-based disparities exist in ED empiric antibiotic treatment for GC/CT. Females were 3.5 times more likely than males to be potentially under-treated. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to reduce disparities and improve treatment accuracy. Interpretation is limited by study heterogeneity and incomplete sex-specific data.” Quality Checklist for Systematic Review: The main question being addressed should be clearly stated. Yes The search for studies was detailed and exhaustive. Yes Were the criteria used to select articles for inclusion appropriate? Yes Were the included studies sufficiently valid for the type of question asked? Yes Were the results similar from study to study? No Were there any financial conflicts of Interest? None reported Results: The included 19 studies comprised 32,592 ED patients who were tested for STIs and analyzed. The heterogeneity of the prevalence estimates had I2 values of 92.6% or higher. Key Result: Female patients were much less likely to receive recommended antibiotic treatment compared to male patients, while males were much more likely to be over-treated compared to females. Among patients with laboratory-confirmed chlamydia or gonorrhea pooled estimate was 3.5 for females being under-treated relative to males. We asked Rachel five nerdy questions. Listen to the SGEM podcast to hear
