S4E2: What Happened at Hanapēpē

As Filipino immigrants call for better pay and better treatment in the sugar cane plantations, the histories of Hawaii and the Philippines are about to intersect in a bloody way.

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References:

Jung, Moon-Kie (2004). “Symbolic and Physical Violence: Legitimate State Coercion of Filipino Workers in Prewar Hawai'i.” American Studies 45(3), 107-137.

Hill, Tiffany (2009, December 30). “A Massacre Forgotten.” Honolulu. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/a-massacre-forgotten/

Alegado, Dean (2011, September 26). “Blood In The Fields: The Hanapepe Massacre And The 1924 Filipino Strike.” Positively Filipino. http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2012/11/26/blood-in-the-fields-the-hanapepe-massacre-and-the-1942-filipino-strike

Sobeleski, Hank (2006, September 10). “Pablo Manapit and the Hanapepe Massacre.” The Garden Island. https://www.thegardenisland.com/2006/09/10/lifestyles/pablo-manlapit-and-the-hanapepe-massacre/

“Filipino Contract Laborers in Hawaii.” 1926. Monthly Labor Review 24(4), 4-9.

Van Dijk, Kees (2015). “The Failed Annexation of Hawaii.” In Pacific Strife, Amsterdam University Press.