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Over the course of World War II, Germany's submariners sank over three thousand Allied ships, nearly three-quarters of Allied shipping losses in all theaters of the war. Winston Churchill famously declared the only thing that truly frightened him during World War II was the U-boat threat. But the treat was more imagined than real. The actual capability of the German Navy was somewhat limited. Some historians think that the Germans would have been better off in WWII if they had built no navy at all and devoted those resources to the army and the Luftwaffe. In the process the submariners endured horrific conditions and suffered a 75 percent death rate, the highest of any arm of service in the conflict.
The campaign began with daring, high-profile successes that fostered a dangerous overconfidence, most notably the sinking of the HMS Royal Oak in 1939 by U-47, which killed 835 British crewmen. Yet, despite these early victories-when the U-boat wolfpacks inflicted devastating losses on weakly defended Allied convoys-the force was never able to maintain the scale needed for a knock-out blow. By the time Germany had sufficient numbers, the industrial and military might of the United States, coupled with increasingly effective Allied countermeasures, had already passed the U-boat's moment of maximum threat. As the war progressed, the elite, superbly trained pre-war crews were wiped out and replaced by those with less training, leading to a steady deterioration in effectiveness.
Today's guest is Roger Moorhouse, author of "Wolfpack: Inside Hitler's U-Boat War." We look at how Germany's U-boat campaign challenged British naval supremacy and brought international trade to its knees. We follow the story of these U-Boat crews from the enthusiasm of the war's early days, buoyed with optimism about their cause, through the challenges of the Allied counterthreat, to the final horrors of enemy capture and death in the depths.
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