Foundations of Geometry

Foundations of Geometry

by David Hilbert

42 chapters5h 26mEnglish1902

About this book

The German mathematician David Hilbert was one of the most influential mathematicians of the 19th/early 20th century. Hilbert's 20 axioms were first proposed by him in 1899 in his book Grundlagen der Geometrie as the foundation for a modern treatment of Euclidean geometry. Hilbert's axiom system is constructed with six primitive notions: the three primitive terms point, line, and plane, and the three primitive relations Betweenness (a ternary relation linking points), Lies on (or Containment, three binary relations between the primitive terms), and Congruence (two binary relations, one linking line segments and one linking angles). The original monograph in German was based on Hilbert's own lectures and was organized by himself for a memorial address given in 1899. This was quickly followed by a French translation with changes made by Hilbert; an authorized English translation was made by E.J. Townsend in 1902. This translation - from which this audiobook has been read - already incorporated the changes made in the French translation and so is considered to be a translation of the 2nd edition.

Chapters (41)

1The elements of geometry and the five groups of axioms
150
2Group I: Axioms of connection
235
3Group II: Axioms of Order
203
4Consequences of the axioms of connection and order
420
5Group III: Axioms of Parallels (Euclid's axiom)
153
6Group IV: Axioms of congruence
518
7Consequences of the axioms of congruence
1238
8Group V: Axiom of Continuity (Archimedes's axiom)
260
9Compatibility of the axioms
396
10Independence of the axioms of parallels. Non-euclidean geometry
299
11Independence of the axioms of congruence
385
12Independence of the axiom of continuity. Non-archimedean geometry
384
13Complex number-systems
393
14Demonstrations of Pascal's theorem
890
15An algebra of segments, based upon Pascal's theorem
422
16Proportion and the theorems of similitude
359
17Equations of straight lines and of planes
469
18Equal area and equal content of polygons
334
19Parallelograms and triangles having equal bases and equal altitudes
352
20The measure of area of triangles and polygons
605
21Equality of content and the measure of area
481
22Desargues's theorem and its demonstration for plane geometry by aid of the axiom of congruence
385
23The impossibility of demonstrating Desargues's theorem for the plane with the help of the axioms of congruence
615
24Introduction to the algebra of segments based upon the Desargues's theorme
298
25The commutative and associative law of addition for our new algebra of segments
256
26The associative law of multiplication and the two distributive laws for the new algebra of segments
736
27Equation of straight line, based upon the new algebra of segments
497
28The totality of segments, regarded as a complex number system
225
29Construction of a geometry of space by aid of a desarguesian number system
545
30Significance of Desargues's theorem
198
31Two theorems concerning the possibility of proving Pascal's theorem
193
32The commutative law of multiplication for an archimedean number system
323
33The commutative law of multiplication for a non-archimedean number system
586
34Proof of the two propositions concerning Pascal's theorem. Non-pascalian geometry
213
35The demonstation, by means of the theorems of Pascal and Desargues
329
36Analytic representation of the co-ordinates of points which can be so constructed
454
37Geometrical constructions by means of a straight-edge and a transferer of segments
411
38The representation of algebraic numbers and of integral rational functions as sums of squares
764
39Criterion for the possibility of a geometrical construction by means of a straight-edge and a transferer of segments
722
40Conclusion
849
41Appendix
1351

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