Letters on Different Subjects in Natural Philosophy, Volume 1 (Letters to a German Princess)

por Leonhard Euler

Mathematics Astronomy, Physics & Mechanics

115 capítulos14h 8mEnglish1833

Sobre este libro

The Letters of Euler to a German Princess have acquired over all Europe a celebrity to which the reputation of the Author, the choice and importance of the several subjects, and the clearness of elucidation justly entitle them. They have deservedly been considered as a treasury of science, adapted to the purposes of every common seminary of learning. They may be studied to advantage without much previous elementary knowledge; they convey accurate ideas respecting a variety of objects, highly interesting in themselves, or calculated to excite a laudable curiosity; they inspire a proper taste for the sciences, and for that sound philosophy which, supported by science, and never losing sight of her cautious, steady, methodical advances, runs no risk of perplexing or misleading the attentive student. - Summary by Nicolas de Condorcet

Capítulos (115)

1Of Magnitude, or Extension

467

2Of Velocity

427

3Of Sound, and Its Velocity

472

4Of Consonance and Dissonance

388

5Of Unison and Octaves

490

6Of Other Consonances

554

7Of the Twelve Tones of the Harpsichord

799

8Of the Pleasure Derived from Fine Music

355

9Compression of the Air

443

10Rarefaction and Elasticity of the Air

496

11Gravity of the Air

421

12Of the Atmosphere, and the Barometer

378

13Of Air-Guns, and the Compression of Air in Gunpowder

403

14The Effect Produced by Heat and Cold on All Bodies, and Of, the Pyrometer and Thermometer

331

15Changes Produced in the Atmosphere by Heat and Cold

468

16The Cold Felt on High Mountains and at Great Depths Accounted For

445

17Of Light, and the Systems of Descartes and Newton

414

18Difficulties Attending the System of Emanation

396

19A Different System Respecting the Nature of Rays and of Light Proposed

451

20Of the Propagation of Light

402

21Digression on the Distances of the Heavenly Bodies, and on the Nature of the Sun and His Rays

375

22Elucidations on the Nature of Luminous Bodies, and Their Difference from Opaque Bodies Illuminated

436

23How Opaque Bodies Become Visible Newton's System of the Reflection of Rays Proposed

514

24Examination and Refutation of Newton's System

696

25A Different Explanation of the Manner in Which Opaque Bodies Illuminated Become Visible

464

26Continuation of the Same Subject

530

27Conclusion: Clearness and Colour of Opaque Bodies Illuminated

577

28Nature of Colours in Particular

388

29Transparency of Bodies Relative to the Transmission of Rays

512

30Of the Transmission of Rays of Light Through Transparent Mediums, and Their Refraction

484

31Refraction of Rays of Different Colours

434

32Of the Azure Colour of the Heavens

534

33Of Rays Issuing from a Distant Luminous Point, and of the Visual Angle

394

34Of the Assistance Which Judgment Lends to Vision

403

35Explanation of Certain Phenomena Relative to Optics

449

36Of Shadow

436

37Of Catoptrics, and the Reflection of Rays from Plain Mirrors

504

38Reflection of Rays from Convex and Concave Mirrors Burning Mirrors

484

39Of Dioptrics

516

40Continuation of Burning — Glasses, and Their Focus

432

41Of Vision, and the Structure of the Eye

324

42Continuation Wonders Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye

367

43Further Continuation Astonishing Difference Between the Eye of an Animal and the Artificial Eye, or Camera Obscura

404

44Perfections Discoverable in the Structure of the Eye

280

45Of Gravity, Considered as a General Property of Body

418

46Continuation of Specific Gravity

415

47Terms Relative to Gravity and Their True Import

389

48Reply to Certain Objections to the Erath's Spherical Figure, Derived from Gravity

377

49True Direction and Action of Gravity Relatively to the Earth

412

50Different Action of Gravity with Respect to Certain Countries and Distances from the Centre of the Earth

477

51Gravity of the Moon

333

52Discovery of Universal Gravitation by Newton

548

53Continuation of the Mutual Attraction of the Heavenly Bodies

558

54Different Sentiments of Philosophers Respecting Universal Gravitation the Attractionists

424

55Power by Which the Heavenly Bodies an Mutually Attracted

248

56The Same Subject Continued

401

57The Same Subject Continued

397

58Motion of the Heavenly Bodies Method of Determining It by the Laws of Universal Gravitation

296

59System of the Universe

400

60The Same Subject Continued

329

61Small Irregularities in the Motions of the Planets, Caused by Their Mutual Attraction

359

62Description of the Flux and Reflux of the Sea

405

63Different Opinions of Philosophers Respecting the Flux and Reflux of the Sea

382

64Explanation of the Flux and Reflux, from the Attractive Power of the Moon

333

65The Same Subject Continued

306

66The Same Subject Continued

377

67The Same Subject Continued

375

68More Particular Account of the Dispute Respecting Universal Gravitation

425

69Nature and Essence of Bodies or Extension, Mobility, and Impenetrability of Body

453

70Impenetrability of Bodies

340

71Of the Motion of Bodies, Real and Apparent

496

72Of Uniform, Accelerated, and Retarded Motion

753

73Principal Law of Motion and Rest Disputes of Philosophers on the Subject

482

74Of the Inertia of Bodies of Powers

467

75Changes Which May Take Place in the State of Bodies

485

76System of the Monads of Wolff

489

77Origin and Nature of Powers

431

78The Same Subject Principle of the Least Possible Action

436

79On the Question, are There Any Other Species of Powers?

460

80Of the Nature of Spirits

312

81Of the Union Between the Soul and the Body

392

82Different Systems Relative to This Subject

409

83Examination of the System of Pre-Established Harmony an Objection to It

422

84Another Objection

392

85Of the Liberty of Spirits, and a Reply to Objections Against Liberty

400

86Tne Same Subject Continued

437

87Influence of the Liberty of Spirits Upon Events

465

88Of Events Natural, Supernatural, and Moral

423

89Of the Question Respecting the Best World Possible; and of the Origin of Evil

503

90Connexion of the Preceding Considerations with Religion Reply to the Objections of the Philosophical Systems Against Prayer

376

91The Liberty of Intelligent Beings in Harmony with the Doctrines of the Christian Religion

352

92Elucidation Respecting the Nature of Spirits

494

93The Subject Continued Reflections on the State of Souls After Death

543

94Considerations on the Action of the Soul Upon the Body, and of the Body Upon the Soul

480

95Of the Faculties of the Soul, and of Judgment

538

96Conviction of the Existence of What We Perceive by the Senses of the Idealists, Egotists, and Materialists

507

97Refutation of the Idealists

502

98The Faculty of Perceiving, Reminiscence, Memory, and Attention Simple and Compound Ideas

474

99Division of Ideas into Clear and Obscure, Distinct and Confused of Distraction

427

100Of the Abstraction of Notions Notions General and Individual: of Genus and Species

480

101Of Language; Its Nature, Advantages, and Necessity, in Order to the Communication of Thought, and the Cultivation of Knowledge

519

102Of the Perfections of a Language Judgment and Nature of Propositions, Affirmative and Negative, Universal or Particular

479

103Of Syllogisms, and Their Different Forms When the First Proposition is Universal

571

104Different Forms of Syllogisms Whose First Proposition is Particular

548

105Analysis of Some Syllogisms

435

106Different Figures and Modes of Syllogisms

663

107Observations and Reflections on the Different Modes of Syllogism

413

108Hypothetical Propositions, and Syllogisms Constructed of Them

528

109Of the Impression of Sensations on the Soul

431

110Of the Origin and Permission of Evil, and of Sin

570

111Of Moral and Physical Evil

395

112Reply to Complaints of the Existence of Physical Evil

374

113The Real Destination of Man Usefulness and Necessity of Adversity

316

114Of True Happiness. Conversion of Sinners. Reply to Objections on the Subject

392

115The True Foundation of Human Knowledge Sources of Truth, and Classes of Information Derived from It

329

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